Essay Magnetic Resonance Imaging - 927 Words

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging has the potential of totally replacing computed tomography. If history was rewritten, and CT invented after MRI, nobody would bother to pursue CT. --Philip Drew (Mattson and Simon, 1996) WHAT IT IS Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or commonly known as MRI, is a technique used in medicine for producing images of tissues inside the body. It is an important diagnostic tool because it enables physicians to identify abnormal tissue without opening the body through surgery. MRI lets physicians see through bones and organs. MRI does not expose the patient to radiation, unlike tests that use X-rays. MRI provides an unparallel view inside the human body. It is the method of choice for the†¦show more content†¦MRI AND BEYOND MRI technology is still in its infancy. The first MRI exam on a human being ever taken was on July 3, 1977. MRI has been in widespread use for less than 20 years (compared with over 100 years for x-rays). There is still a long future for MRI. It is only the beginning. We can now image in seconds what used to take hours. Here are a few of the developments: 1. Very small scanners for imaging specific body parts are being developed. 2. Functional brain mapping (scanning a persons brain while he or she is performing a certain physical task such as squeezing a ball, or looking at a particular type of picture) is helping researchers better understand how the brain works. 3. Research is under way in a few institutions to image the ventilation dynamics of the lungs through the use of hyperpolarized helium-3 gas. 4. New, improved ways to image strokes in their earliest stages is ongoing.( www.howstuffworks.com) SOCIETAL IMPACTS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES There are always going to be advantages and disadvantages in anything that is developed in the area of technology. MRI is no different. MRI is ideal for: 1. Diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) 2. Diagnosing tumors of the pituitary gland and brain 3. Diagnosing infections in the brain, spine or joints 4. VisualizingShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Magnetic Resonance Imaging?1525 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Magnetic Resonance Imaging? Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that uses a magnetic field and beats of radio wave energy to take pictures of organs and structures inside the body. MRI gives distinctive data about structures in the body than can be seen with an X-ray, ultrasound, or computed tomography (CT) scan. MRI imaging can also demonstrate issues that can t be seen with other imaging strategies. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) works by measuring the way that hydrogen particlesRead MoreMagnetic Resonance Imaging And The Health Field1926 Words   |  8 Pagesthe advent of magnetic resonance imaging applications in the health field forty years ago the technology has become a staple in hospitals all around the world. Magnetic resonance imaging commonly known to one of the safest forms of attaining pictures of the human anatomy. Although magnetic resonance technology is popular amongst health care providers for decades, until recently, scientists could not get the optimum image of some critical parts of the human anatomy. The magnetic resonance technologyRead MoreMagnetic Resonance Imaging ( Mri )843 Words   |  4 PagesMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful medical imaging modality which gives high spatial resolution images without radiation risk. MRI acquires signals from hydrogen protons of subject. Under external static magnetic field (B0), the spins of hydrogen p rotons precess with a Larmor frequency, while they align parallel to the direction of B0. The spins align antiparallel to the direction of B0 when additional radio-frequency (RF) pulse with the Larmer requency is ap-plied. After RF pulse isRead MoreMagnetic Resonance Imaging For The Diagnosis Of Chordoma1256 Words   |  6 PagesMagnetic Resonance Imaging for the Diagnosis of Chordoma Chordoma is a type of malignant tumor that can form at the base of the skull, within the spine and sacral area. This kind of cancer is rare, accounting for 1-4% of bone cancers overall. According to studies by the Surveillanc, Epidemiology, and End Results database, the incidence rate of this disease is â€Å"0.08 per 100,000† and is more prevalent in men between the ages of 50-60 (Walcott et al, 69). The characteristics of chordoma were first describedRead MoreQuestions On Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging1036 Words   |  5 Pagesthe fusiform gyrus the area specialized in facial perception? Is there an even more precise area within this gyrus that is responsible for facial recognition? 2. What are the author’s main claims concerning these questions? Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), can be used to see if regions of the fusiform gyrus are specialized in facial recognition and perception. With this, it can be determined that the fusiform face area is found within the fusiform gyrus (or adjacent areas). The fusiformRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging1721 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The purpose of the present review is to analyze the advantages and the disadvantages of pediatric sedation in magnetic resonance imaging. The benefits and the risks involved in pediatric sedation in MRI are evaluated in regards to the current literature. The review is considered to be timely because there is an increasing demand for the provision of anesthetic services and sedation services. Most health practitioners should have appropriate skills in the monitoring and rescue their patientsRead More Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesand successful surgery you are finally back to normal and can lead a normal life once again. While this may be a bit of an extreme example, it highlights one of the many potential and exciting uses of MRI and fMRI technology. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was first developed about two decades ago and it has become, by far, the leading research tool for mapping the brains activity. The technique works by detecting the levels of oxygen in the blood flowing throughout the brain. ThisRead MoreMagnetic Resonance Imaging And Its Effects On The Brain2318 Words   |  10 Pages  MRI it is stands for Magnetic resonance imaging which is the best modality to choice when we want to see the of the spine, it is not invasive procedure, not associated with ionizing radiation to the patient, and provides an excellent soft tissue contrast compared to the other imaging modality. MRI it is use for clarification substantially all spine problem such as degenerative disc diseases and infectious or inflammatory diseases of the spinal cord, identify any spinal tumors, vascular malformationsRead MoreMagnetic Resonance Imaging Essay4309 Words   |  18 Pages Magnetic Resonance Imaging In 1944, Isidor Isaac Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. This method was based on measuring the spin of the protons in the atoms core, a phenomenon known as nuclear magnetic moments. From Rabis work, Paul C. Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield were able to research into magnetic resonance imaging (also known as nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR) and wereRead MoreApplications Of Quantum Mechanics Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology803 Words   |  4 PagesQuantum Mechanics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technology Sandesh Jagessar SCH 4U1 Mrs. Mills 03/20/2017 An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is a scan that uses a system of techniques, involving magnetism, radio waves and a computer to generate detailed images of the human body. Essentially, it is a tube encased by a large circular magnet. The patient would be placed on a moveable bed, which is then inserted into the tube. The magnet then creates a strong magnetic field that aligns the

The Effects Of Juvenile Delinquency On The Criminal...

Now in time it seems that crime is being exposed and done by minors. Juvenile delinquency has impacted the criminal justice system in various ways. It has grown over the past years and many do not know how it evolved. For once, family structure can affect juvenile delinquency in numerous of ways. The independent variable is family structure and the dependent variable is juvenile delinquency. Home environment does indeed play a role in the production of juvenile delinquency. Kierkus and Hewitt (2009) in The Contextual Nature of the Family Structure/Delinquency relationship discussed that family structure is an important factor in delinquency but there might also be other factors that influence this type of behavior. The relationship†¦show more content†¦For instance, one might think that a broken home, extended family, stepparent, divorce, or living with a family member is not the same to an upper class, white, sixteen-year-old female, who lives with her six siblings, in a small town, as compared to a lower class, African American, twelve-year-old male who lives with just one brother in a large urban area (Kierkus and Hewitt, 2009). As a concern, it would be impossible to test all effects in a single statistical model, as this would imply a six-way interaction effect; however, this study did attempt to test each of the relevant two-way interactions implied by this statement (Kierkus and Hewitt, 2009). This research used a large sample of adolesc ents and by evaluating the strength of interactive effects within a series of formal statistical models (Kierkus and Hewitt, 2009). It is clear that the interactive effects between family structure and context on delinquency vary according to the type of misbehavior under consideration this study utilized four different measures of delinquency as outcome variables (Kierkus and Hewitt, 2009). As a result, adolescents from different family structures were expected to participate in all four types of delinquent behavior: general delinquency, violent crimes, property crime, and substance abuse. Gender, socioeconomic status, and place of residence did not matter in the family structure. It was noticeable that the family structure/delinquency relationship was largely

Discussion of the Ethics of Milgram and Acsh Essay Sample free essay sample

The followers are some of the ethical guidelines on human research specified by the American Psychological Association ( APA ) and British Psychological Society ( BSP ) : Informed consent must be obtained from the participants ( APA Standard 3. 10 A ; 8. 02 / BPS Ethical Principle 1. 3 ) Intentional misrepresentation must be avoided ( APA Standard 8. 07 / BPS Ethical Principle 1. 3 ) Injury must non come to the participants ( APA Standard 3. 04 / BPS Ethical Principle 3. 3 ) Participants should be debriefed at the terminal of their engagement ( APA Standard 8. 08 / BPS Ethical Principle 3. 4 ) ( a ) Discuss the extent to which the Asch experiment adhered to these ethical guidelines. If there were any breaches. were they justified? [ Word bound is 450 words ] ( 40 Markss ) ( B ) Discuss the extent to which the Milgram experiment adhered to these ethical guidelines. If there were any breaches. were they justified? [ Word bound is 450 words ] ( 40 Markss ) Asch experiment were non to the full compliant to the ethical guidelines put away by the American Psychological Association ( APA ) ’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct and the British Psychological Society ( BPS ) ’s Code of Ethics and Conduct. Sing informed consent. the guidelines APA and BPS both advise that informed consent are to be obtained before the experiment. The APA goes farther by detailing what information are to be informed to the topics. such as the intent of the research. the right to worsen. effects. confidentiality. inducements and who to inquiry with respects to the experiment. However. the APA besides states some conditions where informed consent can be dispensed with. viz. if the research would be moderately expected to non do injury or hurt or if the survey will non enforce liabilities on the participants. In the BPS Code clause 1. 3 ( eleven ) besides allows for research that deems necessary to keep back information from the topic in exceeding fortunes. In visible radiation of these guidelines. Asch experiment failed to obtain informed consent from the topics before the research. However. it does fall into a grey country when considered with the guidelines sing the usage of misrepresentation in research. The APA guidelines affecting research that cause injury to the participants in research allows for the pickings of sensible stairss to avoid injury. It besides allows the usage of misrepresentation if it is justified as other methods are non executable to transport out the experiment. The BPS allows for misrepresentation in state of affairs where it is necessary to keep the unity of the research. It besides suggest that the psychologist to set about consideration of the well-being of the participants in research to avoid injury with respects to possible psychological well-being. wellness. personal values and self-respect. Asch experiment adhered to the above guidelines with respects to avoiding injury and the usage of misrepresentation. This can be attributed to the allowance of justifications in the guidelines. which are made by the psychologist in visible radiation of the nature of the experiment. which have low potency for injury and necessary misrepresentation. Immediately after the experiment. a debriefing session with the participant was conducted. the intent of the misrepresentation and research was disclosed to the topics and discussed. This fulfilled the guidelines of both APA and BPS with respects to debriefing. The APA ask that the psychologist explain the misrepresentation and the experiment at the terminal of the engagement in the research and allows for the topic to retreat their informations from the research. The BPS besides suggest that the participants are debriefed at the decision of the experiment to inform them of the inside informations of the experiment and to place unanticipated injury. uncomfortableness or misinterpretation. ( 442 Wordss ) Milgram experiment was in rear of barrel of the ethical codification put away by the APA and the BPS on a few histories and he was non justified in making so. While beging for topics. misinformation of the experiment was given to all possible appliers. This misrepresentation would hold caused the informed consent given by the topics to be invalid. as there was no reference of the existent experiment. Deception would go on throughout the experiment in assorted signifiers. The ‘victim’ were scripted to move in a mode that suggest injury in such strength that cause him to be unable to reply the inquiries. The experimenter was besides scripted to nudge the topic to go on with the experiment and to do injury to the ‘victim’ even as the possibility of the terrible injury was caused. This misrepresentation is exceptionally distressing because the experimenter would guarantee the topic that ‘Although the dazes may be painful. there is no lasting tissue harm. so please travel on. ( Milgram. 1963 ) Although one could counter argue with the exclusion clauses in both APA’s and BPS’ guidelines. which allows misrepresentation if no other mode of experiment is possible to obtain the consequences. The guidelines does province that misrepresentation are non to be used when it is moderately expected that injury. physically or mentally. could be caused. It is possibly the failure of Milgram to anticipate the possible psychological impact of his experiment as he reports ‘ . . unforeseen consequence of the extraordinary tenseness generated by the processs. ( Milgram. 1963 ) Given the recorded ‘signs of utmost tenseness ( Milgram. 1963 ) made by Milgram. it is easy to province that the topics were under high degree of emphasis. This is in portion by design of the experiment. Milgram explicitly states that ‘the topic is placed in a place in which he must react to the viing demands of two persons’ and that ‘the experiment gives the capable small clip for contemplation ( Milgram. 1963 ) . These marks of high grades of tenseness could hold long term psychological effects like ego uncertainties and loss of ego regard. as he would hold been under the feeling that he have caused injury to another human being. regardless of the fact that he was asked to make so. Even though Milgram studies that a debriefing was done and the fraud was uncovered. the deficiency of inside informations and deficiency of follow up with the topics shows a deficiency of respect for their well-being. The processs that were undertaken to ‘to assure that the topic would go forth the research lab in a province of good being. ( Milgram. 1963 ) and the interview inquiries are both non recorded in the experiment study. It is non converting that the debriefing was effectual in protecting the well-being of the topics. ( 447 words ) Mention Asch. S. E. ( 1956 ) . Surveies of independency and conformance: A minority of one against a consentaneous bulk. Psychological Monographs. Vol. 70. No. 9 ( Whole no. 416 ) . American Psychological Association. ( 2010 ) . Ethical Principles of Psychologist and Code of Conduct. Washington. District of columbia: American Psychological Association. Baumrind. D. ( 1964 ) . Some Ideas on Ethical motives of Research: After reading Milgram’s â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience† . Psychology in Action. 421-423. British Psychological Society. ( 2009 ) . Code of Ethics and Conduct: Guidance published by the Ethics Committee of the British Psychological Society. Leicester. U. K. : British Psychological Society McLeod. S. ( 2008 ) . Asch Experiment. Retrieved 24 September 2012 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. simplypsychology. org/asch-conformity. hypertext markup language Milgram. S. ( 1963 ) . Behavioral survey of obeisance. Journal of Abnormal and societal Psychology. Vol. 67. 371-378. Shuttleworth. M. ( 2008 ) . Milgram Experiment Ethics. Retrieved 24 September 2012 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. experiment-resources. com/milgram-experiment-ethics. hypertext markup language Zimbardo. P. G. . Johnson. R. L. A ; McCann V. ( 2009 ) . Psychology Core Concepts ( 6th ed. ) . Boston. MA: Pearson Education. Inc.

Dispute Resolution and Arbitration

Questions: 1.What does the term Appropriate Dispute Resolution mean? 2.What processes does it cover? 3.Why has the term gained such popularity? Answers: Introduction Alternative dispute resolution(ADR) comprisesof dispute resolutionprocedures and methods that work as a way for disagreeing parties to arrive at an agreement other thancourt case[1]. It is a shared word for the approaches that parties can resolve disputes, through (or devoid of) the assistance of a third party. 1. ADR is an unofficial procedure through which the parties to a lawful disagreement get in touch with a third party unbiased who will help them in settlement of the case[2]. This arrangement creates quite a few determined advantages above the proceedings and the foreseeable costly protest on the way to the legal case. Alternative Dispute Resolution for the civil regulations There are a lot of advantages of ADR incivil regulation. ADR can be applied for resolving almost every divergence, together with those among fellow citizens, business partners, and labour unions, in addition tofamily legal concerns[3]. ADR is beneficial in resolving problems linked withbreach of contract, wage arbitrations, property issues, anddefameorinsult related issues. Alternative Dispute Resolution for the criminal regulations At the same time as alternative dispute resolution for thecriminal commandmenthas been applied for a short while in other nations, it is a comparatively fresh idea in the U.S. and Australia[4]. The exercise ofplea bargainingmight be measured as a kind of ADR, lessening the load on the criminal judicial structure by permitting lawbreakers to sanction a penalty that is as per the liking of everyone. Through a sharp boost inwhite collar offencein the past few decades, the legal framework is making more utilization of particular kinds of ADR. As a result of the want to guarantee the rights of a person charged of a crime are confined, it is considered to be improbable that the application of ADR in criminal issues will turn out to be as extensively acknowledged just like in civil issues. Alternative Dispute Resolution for the Family regulations In family/ relatives legal issues, beginning from divorce tochild guardianship, each and every party is expectant to arrive at their own resolutions by the application of whichever of the kinds of alternative dispute resolution. Through elimination of the requirement for a court case, the tension and cost for every party can be significantly decreased. Settlement meetings and intercession are widespread ways applied to come to a concord with regard to the splitting up ofmarital belongingsand liability, and this kind of agreement might comprise of every concern, comprising those linked with kids. It is exceptionally common, yet, for the issues of kid guardianship andvisitation,kid support, andspouses supportto be major concerns for which settlement needs the assistance of an expert. A lot of places need families involved in guardianship disputes to be present at intervention to settle on what is in the best interests of the kids. This kind of kid guardianship mediator examines the problems, interviews the kids, and hosts a conference among the parents for the principle of arbitrating a concord. In case the parents arrive at a concord, or the mediator makes a not-compulsoryparenting arrangement, or guardianship and visitation instructions, the written document is shown to the court for consent. 2. Predominantly, the parties have noteworthy control on the arrangement of the happenings. Range of the unbiased, ground rules, timing, and the aptitude to finish the procedure at some time are all usually within the parties influence[5]. This lets them to build a secure situation and most favourable situation for solving the case. Secondly, ADR takes into account the direct participation of the parties, rather than proceedings, which is above all a meeting open just to lawyers. Ultimately, since ADR encourages a two-way approach to lawful disputes, the parties wouldnt generally have any ill will in opposition to each other and discontent from the effect of a lengthy and expensive lawsuit[6]. In arbitration, an impartial individual known as an "arbitrator" listens to disagreements and proof from both side and after that settles on the conclusion of the dispute. Arbitration is not as much of formal as a court case, and the regulations of substantiation are usually stress-free. Arbitration may be either "compulsory" or "non-compulsory."compulsory arbitrationis one where the parties surrender their right to a court case and approve accepting that the arbitrator's verdict is ultimate[7]. Usually, there is no right to plea to an arbitrator's verdict.Non-compulsoryarbitration is one where the parties are liberated to appeal a case if they do not agree to the arbitrator's verdict. 3. ADR has gained popularity in the legal system after the social turbulence of the 1960s. in addition the clear advantages of ADR to the court structure, ADR provides with a lot of benefits to the parties for whichever civil argument. These take account of: Flexibility in arrangement, and appropriateness for disputes with numerous parties. Lower complexity and not too much of formal. Parties capability to decide an unbiased third party with know-how in the region of the dispute to arbitrate the dispute. Aptitude to get a realistic resolution customized to the requirements of each party. Probability of a quick resolution[8]. Privacy guarantees the safeguarding of the parties reputes and relations. Conclusion It can be said that a technique to resolve the disputes apart from litigation is termed as ADR. Public courts might be requested to appraise the legitimacy of ADR techniques; however they will hardly ever knock over ADR verdicts and grants if the disputing parties created a legitimate contract to conform to them. Arbitration and mediation are the two key ways applied in ADR. Bibliography Alternative Dispute Resolution (Minnesota Institute of Legal Education, 1st ed, 2009) Alternative Dispute Resolution (2017) LII / Legal Information Institute https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/alternative_dispute_resolution Alternative Dispute Resolution - Definition, Examples, Processes (2017) Legal Dictionary https://legaldictionary.net/alternative-dispute-resolution/ Elisabetta, Silvestri, "Alternative Dispute Resolution In The European Union: An Overview" (2013) 2013 Russian Law Grenig, Jay E, Alternative Dispute Resolution (at 1) Hockey, G., "Alternative Dispute Resolution Trial" (2015) 176 Veterinary Record Newman, Paul, Alternative Dispute Resolution (CLT Professional Publishing Ltd., 1st ed, 2009) Stintzing, Heike, Mediation - A Necessary Element In Family Dispute Resolution? (Lang, 1st ed, 2005)

The Changing Relationship between the Generations Youth Studies Australia

In the contemporary world, the media advocates for the generational changes and the effect it has towards the economy; Australia is no exception. Most of the articles in the Australian society analyze the negative implications of generational changes.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Changing Relationship between the Generations’ Youth Studies Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, these arguments don not stay for long as they are ultimately forgotten. This is unlike 30 years ago when generational change had an impact to the media and society. Michael Pusey, in his article, argues that the current relations between the young and old generation have been characterized by the mirror-opposite appearance than those, which pre-occupied the social media 30 years back. Indeed, the adversity of the generational gap in the current society is the vital issue that Pusey expresses in his art icle. According to Pusey (2007), the generational gap has been ignored in the current Australia economy. After the World War II, Australian government shared the resources equally as they were focused majorly on the gap that existed between the generations. The author argues that for the national income to be distributed equally in the economy, cultural conflicts should be addressed. Indeed, inequalities do exist between the baby boomers and their children and this has necessitated food insecurity among the residents. Therefore, it is critical that the concerned party needs to address the effect of generation change. Upon putting into consideration the impeccable effects that will be faced in the economy, the government will ensure economic tranquillity. In regard to the current economy reforms of Australia, the author argues that it does not favour the young generation the way it favoured the older generation. In addition, the author argues that in the near future, the young genera tion will be subjected to unnecessary responsibilities. As there are large numbers of retirees, the author claims that they will all be depending on the young generation for income support. With the existence of high unemployment rate in the current economy, the youth will be imposed with burden when footing the retirement bill for the older generation (Norton, 2003). As such, it increased the generational gap in the near future.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the mirror-opposite appearance in the generational change is evidenced by the income distribution. It is important to note that economic restructuring is long term. This implies that any changes in the income distribution in the economy will not be effected until after a period of 20 years; as illustrated by the Australian economy. Ideally, the older generation believed that men were the breadwinne rs in the family and the speculated income distribution for 20 years focused on the Men’s income. In the current economy, the women are also breadwinners in the household and the comparable figures will be misleading leading to generational gap. Consequently, the lifetime income has decreased due to lack of regulation in the labour market by the Australian government. In the older generation, lifetime income was extremely high unlike in the current society. This has been attributed to the increase in longevity in the current generation (Pusey, 2003). The compressed retirement benefits have been squeezed, and as an individual retires at an age of 55 years, one has 25 years more to budget for this small amount of retirement benefits. This was not the case in the past as they were able to access a huge amount of retirement benefits. As they had a lifespan of 65 years, they had only 10 years to budget for their retirement benefits. This clearly shows a mirror-opposite appearance in the generational change. In addition, unlike the past, finance and superannuation have been degenerated. After the government privatised the superannuation industry, there has been an imposition of fees and charges by the financial institutions. This imposes a burden to families in supporting the new generation in their endeavour. Other factors that have increased the generation gap include deregulation of housing loans, and privatisation of health and education. The issues leading to the generational gap, as highlighted above, are relevant to the course. The government will impose measures necessary to combat the increase in the generational gap. This will have a positive impact on the international relations, as such, enhancing their economical stability among the new and older generation.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Changing Relationship between the Generations’ Youth Studies Australia specifically for you for only $16 .05 $11/page Learn More International relations focus on understanding of the geographical territories regarding the economies, politics, cultural believes among others. In order to meet the international relations’ demands, the government needs to stabilize the internal forces; among them is the generational gap. In this article, Michael Pusey (2007) argues that, although the reforms put in place in the economic front have produced results, especially by creating wealth to a majority of people on the verge of retirement, the legacy of this wealth could as well be a starting point for what the author call an economic gap. According to Pusey (2003), Australia has experienced a good boom, which was underpinned by historically low rates of unemployment and a high demand for the countries mineral resources. Indeed, as the author posits that the economic boom hid something bigger. According to Pusey, the talk of economic boom, masked incomes in those real incomes we re not increasing. It would not be possible for the young generation to generate as much income as the one that is retiring at the moment. In economic terms, then this is a big problem as it is the starting point for greater income inequalities among generations. However on the cultural side it is a very impressive story because people are able to relate with other well in a manner that was not so in the last 30 to 40 years or so. At this time, according to Pusey, there were many prejudices and conservative moral obligations (Pusey, 2007). However, at the moment about one third of the young generations are staying with their parents whom they see as their most influential people in their lives, even more important to them that their peers. Indeed even the parents claim to enjoy the presence of their children. In short, the author makes two assumptions. One is that the economic boom was responsible for the widening generation gap. The second assumption was that culture has an importa nt part to play in bringing the generation gap.Advertising Looking for critical writing on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Pusey (2007), unemployment rates have gone up, that the young people do not get into full employment until the age of 27 or 28. However, his argument does not seem to hold much water and seem to rest on public opinions. The author has not shown explicitly whether the economic conditions, that are responsible for the widening generation gap, did exist. In addition, he has not shown how these conditions were shaped by the economic reform of the last twenty or so years. In his claim that the economic reforms were responsible for increased unemployment, the author fails to explain why unemployment went up and down during the era of economic reforms as it can be deduced from his own data (Norton, 2003). Michael Pusey believes that economic reform was a direct result of the cold war and that families are the biggest losers because of economic reforms. This is because they are caught in the middle of economic reforms and cultural norms and values that are inherited from the pa rents. However, Pusey seems not to offer a balance approach in his blanket condemnation of economic reforms. There is no mention of factors such as advancements in technology or even shifts in consumer preferences, and natural disasters that occurred in the time the author tends to refers to. On the cultural side, the author shows how family values and norms bridge the gap brought about by economic reforms. Parents are doing what the author call â€Å"intergenerational transfers.† The parents are using their money to help children put up a deposit for their homes, and also they are helping the children pay off HECS. Therefore, culture plays an important part in compensating the destruction brought about by economic reforms. The issues raised by the author are important in understanding the building blocks of a vibrant society. References Norton, A. (2003). Michael in a Muddle: Michael Pusey’s bungled attack on economic reform. Issue Analysis 34(2): 1-9. Pusey, M. (2003 ). The Experience of Middle Australia: The Dark Side of Economic Reform, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press Pusey, M. (2003), ‘An Australian story: The Troubling Experience of Economic Reform’ Australian Senate Occasional Lecture Series, Parliament House, retrieved from web. Pusey, M. (2007), ‘The Changing Relationship between the Generations †¦ It Could Even be Good News’, Youth Studies Australia 26(1): 9-17. This critical writing on The Changing Relationship between the Generations’ Youth Studies Australia was written and submitted by user Brianna Snyder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Create and Use DLLs in Delphi

How to Create and Use DLLs in Delphi A Dynamic Link Library (DLL) is a collection of routines (small programs) that that can be called by applications and other DLLs. Like units, they contain code or resources that can be shared between multiple applications. The concept of DLLs is the core of the Windows architectural design, and for the most part, Windows is simply a collection of DLLs. With Delphi, you can write and use your own DLLs and even call functions regardless of whether or not they were developed with other systems or developers, like Visual Basic, or C/C. Creating a Dynamic Link Library The following few lines will demonstrate how to create a simple DLL using Delphi. For the beginning start Delphi and navigate to File New DLL to build a new DLL template. Select the default text and replace it with this: library TestLibrary;uses SysUtils, Classes, Dialogs;procedure DllMessage; export;begin ShowMessage(Hello world from a Delphi DLL) ; end;exports DllMessage;beginend. If you look at the project file of any Delphi application, you’ll see that it starts with the reserved word program. By contrast, DLLs always start with library and then a uses clause for any units. In this example, the DllMessage procedure follows, which doesnt do anything but show a simple message. At the end of the source code is an exports statement which lists the routines that are actually exported from the DLL in a way that they can be called by another application. What this means is that you can have, say, five procedures in a DLL and only two of them (listed in the exports section) can be called from an external program (the remaining three are sub procedures). In order to use this DLL, we have to compile it by pressing CtrlF9. This should create a DLL called SimpleMessageDLL.DLL in your projects folder. Finally, lets take a look at how to call the DllMessage procedure from a statically loaded DLL. To import a procedure contained in a DLL, you can use the keyword external in the procedure declaration. For example, given the DllMessage procedure shown above, the declaration in the calling application would look like this: procedure DllMessage; external SimpleMessageDLL.dll The actual call to a procedure is nothing more than: DllMessage; The entire code for a Delphi form (name: Form1), with a TButton (named Button1) that calls the DLLMessage function, looks something like this: unit Unit1;interface uses Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms, Dialogs, StdCtrls; type TForm1 class(TForm) Button1: TButton; procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject) ;private{ Private declarations }public{ Public declarations }end;var Form1: TForm1; procedure DllMessage; external SimpleMessageDLL.dllimplementation {$R *.dfm} procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject) ;begin DllMessage; end;end.

The Erie Canal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Erie Canal - Research Paper Example It formed the basis of the dominant American philosophies for almost two centuries, and transformed New York into the most significant urban area in the region. Dickinson (34) indicates the project also contributed immensely toward the improvement of American investments, attracting substantial business ventures by foreign firms and businesspersons. Most of the investments were based on infrastructure programs, which would speed up the development of industries in America in the late nineteenth century. According to Clinton (35-36), the remarkable scientific techniques that were employed in the landmark construction a success in the early nineteenth century. The text offers an account of the immense financial resources that the country amassed and channeled to the project, indicating that the capital investments were very sound. The scale of resources was so much that so high that its proper use would definitely give rise to a substantial project like the Erie Canal. Russell (158) is an important literature that offers vital lessons into the history of America, when few historians, if any, bothered to write about. The magnanimity of the project, especially in regard to the expansion of American economy, witnessed the opening of the Erie Canal in late 1825 was marked with the firing of guns. Guns set within an interval of 10 miles along the 363-mile canal exploded in celebration. Governor DeWitt Clinton was the key political figure who made the trip along the Canal soon after its co mpletion (Clinton 35). The project changed the economy of the Western New York to the better in the years that followed the 1825. It triggered the sprouting of numerous towns, without causing the noise pollution, which was the trademark of railway transport. The canal served as an easier transport means for the transient culture of the locals. According to Clinton (34-37) most Americans were content

Discrimnation in medical care based on color and race Research Paper

Discrimnation in medical care based on color and race - Research Paper Example The first focuses on potential lack of general applicability of findings based on unrepresentative data gathered from race-biased samples, a concern which gains most of its force from implicitly or explicitly biological understandings of race. Of more concern to professionals who do not share that view, are the implications of racial disparity in clinical trials for the health of African-American patients (Mwaria, King); that Black patients are less likely to participate in research protocols makes them less likely to be among those first receiving the most advanced forms of medical intervention, and may contribute to general health inequality. In the 1990’s clinicians and researchers, backed by the Centers for Disease Control (Trubo 1994), The National Institutes of Health (NIH 1994) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA 1997), began to hunt for the â€Å"barriers† to African-American participation in clinical trials. Research concluded that the problem is complex and that patient beliefs, racist bias on the part of physicians and institutional and community constraints all play a role (King, Mwaria, Shavers-Hornaday, 1997). Despite the apparent complexity of the issue, much of this discussion centers primarily on African-American â€Å"distrust† of doctors and the healthcare system in general and clinical trials in particular(Corbie-Smith 1999, Dula, Friemuth 2001, Gamble, Shavers-Hornaday, , Thomas 1999, ), while a substantial number of papers argued that widespread credulity toward â€Å"conspiracy theories† among Black patients is a key component of their distrust and thus of their unwillingness to undergo experimental treatments. (Corbie-Smith , Friemuth, Simmons and Parsons, 1999, Thomas) Among the most outlandish—and well-analyzed—medical â€Å"conspiracy theories† are those concerning HIV/AIDS. Researchers have

Answering quistions regarding to the personal statment Essay

Answering quistions regarding to the personal statment - Essay Example In view of this self-awareness would give me the impetus for being employed since I would be able to properly articulate my knowledge ability and skills set to prospective employers succinctly without stuttering. From the feedback, I have learnt that my communication skills, especially in giving specific details about me are quite poor and therefore need to be improved greatly to give the right impression to prospective employers. I have also learnt that I have a great potential in me of being an effective communicator by concentrating on the major issues through pin pointing the specifics of the issues I am talking about rather than applying generalizations. Another important lesson from the feedback is that there is urgent need for me to do a thorough research of the specificities of the practical nature and varieties of possible job openings in my field of specialization and their specific entry requirements. In relation to my key strengths, I would have indicated that as an electrical and electronics engineer, my personal organization skills would be helpful in prioritization of tasks allowing free flow of operations that my work supports. Responsibilities in electrical and electronics engineering involve the application of diagnostic expertise and tests for identifying and determining the sources of electrical faults and interpreting the error codes and in-built indicators of faults. Other crucial tasks involve design transformation into actual outcomes. . These tasks require high level of organization and keenness. My ability to handle pressure would enable me deal with situations like total collapse of systems quickly without any delays, to restore maximum performance of systems in the shortest time possible. I will achieve this through quick and accurate interpretation of circuit diagrams. My high standards of excellence would be instrumental in accurately analyzing information in

1,2,4-Oxadiazole Moiety Molecules Synthesis for Cancer

1,2,4-Oxadiazole Moiety Molecules Synthesis for Cancer 2.4. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives for their MTT assay using MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and degradation of DNA in EAT cells 2.4.1. INTRODUCTION In the biological and pharmacological importance, heterocycles plays a significance role. Oxadiazole molecules show biologically activity includes angiogenesis inhibitor [246] and also HIV inhibitor [247], tyrosine kinase inhibition [45], histamine H3 antagonism [48], muscarinic agonism [49], potent histamine H2 receptor antagonists [50, 51], muscarinic receptor antagonists [53, 54], interleukin-8 (IL-8) receptor antagonists [65], cytotoxic activities [68], monoamine oxidase inhibition [66], potent therapeutic agents for prostate cancer [72], anticonvulsant activity [67], tumor-selective and apoptosis-inducing agents [70, 71], antitumor [4f] and apoptosis-inducing anticancer agents [73, 74]. Breast cancer is a most terrifying disease in which cells in breast tissue grow and divide without normal control. This type of growth of cells without control forms a lump called tumor. In breast cancer, tumors are called benign or malignant. Malignant tumors will grow by eating food. They get the food by forming new blood vessels in a process called angiogenesis. These blood vessels are the main reason to promote the growth of the tumors. After this tumor growing it will spread to nearby tissue, which is called as invasion. The breakage of main tumor cells will spread into other parts of the body and it will lead to metastatic breast cancer. This happens through blood stream or lymphatic system and this process is called metastasis. The main disadvantage of the malignant breast cancer is dividing and grows out of control which leads to form number of new tumors. If those new tumors are in other parts of the body, then also we call those as breast cancer. Especially in women, breast cancer leading to the cause of cancer related death. In developing and developed countries, breast cancer is the second most common malignancy type diagnosed disease in women. In India breast cancer is the most discussing problem in the current health problem (248). By the survey conceded by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the percentage of breast cancer patients has been nearly doubled. In the past few years nearly one lakh new patients are being detected from 1985 to 2001 (249, 250). It has been estimated that the breast cancer in 2004 is nearly 90,273 and they predicted that in 2015 the patient’s number may be nearly 1, 12,680 (251). Due to the damage in DNA, normal cells will become cancer cells. DNA is present in every cell and it directs to all its actions. When DNA gets damaged in normal cells, the cell either repairs the damage or it dies. But in the cancer cells, damaged DNA is not repaired. The damaged cell undergoes splitting. As a result cell goes on making new cells that the body doesn’t need and those cells have same damaged DNA as the first cells does. This conjecture the design and synthesis of new anticancer drugs, and drug combination and treatment modalities is still the need for effective treatment of breast cancer patients [252]. 1,2,4-Oxadiazole moiety molecules show signs of vide variety of biological activities [40, 253-255]. In connection to the above studies, our molecules are subjected to the angiogenesis using MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and degradation of DNA studies using in EAT cells. 2.4.2. MATERIALS Melting points were recorded (uncorrected) on a Buchi Melting Point B-545 instrument. Infrared (IR) spectra were recorded using a Jasco FTIR-4100 series. All reagents and solvents used were commercially procured and used as received. 1H-NMR spectra’s were recorded on Shimadzu AMX-400-Bruker with 400 MHz with TMS as internal standard. The 13C NMR spectra were examined on a Bruker DPX-400 at 100.6 MHz. The mass spectra were recorded on a JEOL JMS-AX505HA mass spectrometer. 2.4.3. EXPERIMENTAL 2.4.3.1. Chemistry General procedure for synthesis of (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2). A solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.529 g, 22.004 mmol) (2.5eq) and sodium carbonate (1.492 g, 14.082 mmol) (1.6eq) was taken in a round bottom flask. Stir for 10min to dissolve completely, then to this mixture 4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorobenzonitrile (1) (2.0 g, 8.801 mmol) (1.0 eq) is dissolved with ethanol was added. Then the mixture is heated to 60 0C about 5-6 hr. After that the steps forward of the reaction fusion was examined by the thin layer chromatography (TLC). After reaction completion, the solvent and the product was separated in vacuum pump under reduced pressure. Then the product was poured to water and extracted with ethyl ethanoate. The organic layer was washed 2-3 times with distilled water. The organic layer was washed 2-3 times with distilled water. The extracted ethyl ethanoate layer was dried over sodium sulphate (anhydrous) and the solvent was evaporated to get (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hyd roxybenzimidamide (2). 2.4.3.2. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole 4(a-f) derivatives. (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (1.0 eq) is dissolved in dry dichloromethane and cooled to 0-5 0C in ice bath. Then N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.1 eq) was added to cold reaction mixture and stirred for 10 minutes, then different aromatic acid chlorides (3a-e) (1 eq) were added. The reaction mixture was allowed to room temperature under stirring for 5-6 hr. After that the steps forward of the reaction fusion was examined by the thin layer chromatography (TLC). After reaction completion, the solvent and the product was separated in vacuum pump under reduced pressure. Then the product was poured to water and extracted with ethyl ethanoate. The organic layer was washed 2-3 times with distilled water. The organic layer was washed 2-3 times with distilled water. The extracted ethyl ethanoate layer was dried over sodium sulphate (anhydrous) and the product was purified with the help of column chromatography over silica gel (60-120 mesh) using hexane and ethyl acetate (1:1). Scheme 1. Reagents and conditions: (i) Sodium carbonate, water, ethanol, 60 0C, 6 h; (ii) dichloromethane, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, 0-5 0C, 6 h; 3(a-e) Where 3a = 4-chloro benzoyl chloride; 3b = 4-Fluoro benzoyl chloride; 3c = 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride; 3d = 4-Fluoro-3-Nitrobenzoyl chloride; 3e = 4-EthylPhenylbenzoyl chloride. 2.4.3.2.1. Synthesis of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4a) Pale yellow color from (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (0.1 g, 0.384 mmol), 4-chlorobenzoylchloride (3a) (0.067 g, 0.384 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.049 g, 0.461 mmol). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 8.32 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.75 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.70, (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.55 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.50 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.35 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.30 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 5.05 (d, 1H, pyrrole-H), 2.56-2.30 (d, 4H, pyrrole-H); MS (ESI) m/z: 381.081 (100.0%), Anal. calcd. for C20H14ClFN4O (in %): C- 63.08, H- 3.71, N- 14.71. 2.4.3.2.2. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4b) Orange color from (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (0.1 g, 0.384 mmol), 4-Fluoro benzoyl chloride (3b) (0.060 g, 0.384 mmol)and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.049 g, 0.461 mmol). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 8.31 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.30 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.72, (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.56 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.34 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.31 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.29 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 5.02 (d, 1H, pyrrole-H), 2.58-2.31 (d, 4H, pyrrole-H); MS (ESI) m/z: 365.114 (100.0%), Anal. calcd. for C20H14F2N4O (in %): C- 65.93, H- 3.87, N- 15.38. 2.4.3.2.3. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4c) Dark brown color from (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (0.1 g, 0.384 mmol), 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (3c) (0.080 g, 0.384 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.049 g, 0.461 mmol). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 8.33 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 8.10 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.74 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.70 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.58 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.37 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.33 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 5.06 (d, 1H, pyrrole-H), 2.59-2.29 (d, 4H, pyrrole-H); MS (ESI) m/z: 415.110 (100.0%), Anal. calcd. for C21H14F4N4O (in %): C- 60.87, H- 3.41, N- 13.52. 2.4.3.2.4. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4d) Pale yellow color from (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (0.1 g, 0.384 mmol), 4-Fluoro-3-Nitrobenzoyl chloride (3d) (0.078 g, 0.384 mmol)and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.049 g, 0.461 mmol). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 8.71 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 8.65 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 8.34 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.74 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.61 (dd, 1H, Ar-H), 7.58 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.37 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.33 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 5.06 (d, 1H, pyrrole-H), 2.59-2.29 (d, 4H, pyrrole-H); MS (ESI) m/z: 410.099 (100.0%), Anal. calcd. for C20H13F2N5O3 (in %): C- 58.68, H- 3.20, N- 13.52. 2.4.3.2.5. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-(5-ethyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4e). White color from (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (0.1 g, 0.384 mmol), 4-EthylPhenylbenzoyl chloride (3e) (0.094 g, 0.384 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.049 g, 0.461 mmol). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 8.31 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.95 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.80 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.75 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.72, (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.53 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.56 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.45 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.34 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.30 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.31 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 5.03 (d, 1H, pyrrole-H), 2.65 (q, 2H, -CH2), 2.58-2.31 (d, 4H, pyrrole-H), 1.27 (t, 3H, -CH3),; MS (ESI) m/z: 451.186 (100.0%), Anal. calcd. for C28H23FN4O (in %): C- 74.65, H- 5.15, N- 12.44. 2.4.4. Biology 2.4.4.1. Culture of MCF-7 cells: MCF-7 cells were cultured with minor modification in Minimal Essential medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100units/ml penicillin-G, 100  µg/ml streptomycin and 1% sodium bicarbonate (Invitrogen). MCF-7 cells were obtained from Cell repository unit of National Center for Cell Sciences (NCCS), Pune, India. All cell lines were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 [256]. 2.4.4.2. Culture of EAT cells: Animals, in vivo tumor generation and imidazole derivatives treatment Six to eight weeks old female mice were acclimated for one week while caged in-group of five. Mice were housed and fed a diet of animal chow and water ad libitum throughout the experiment. All the experiments were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of the University of Mysore, Mysore, India. Ehrlich Ascites Tumor (EAT) cells (5Ãâ€"106 cells/mouse) were injected intraperitoneally. These cells grow in mouse peritoneum forming an ascites tumor with massive abdominal swelling. The animals showed a dramatic increase in body weight over the growth period and the animals succumbed to the tumor burden 14–16 days after implantation. 2.4.4.2.1. Isolation of EAT cells from mice peritoneal cavity and compound treatment: From the peritoneal cavity of tumor-bearing mice the EAT cells were isolated (control and treated). 2-3 mm of sterile PBS was injected in to the peritoneal cavity of the mice and the peritoneal fluid containing tumor cells withdrawn, collect in sterile petri dishes and incubated at 370C for 2 h. The cells of macrophage linage adhered to the bottom of Petri dishes. The non-adherent population was aspirated out gently and washed repeatedly with PBS. Moreover, viability of these cells was assessed and was found to be >95% by trypan blue dye exclusion. The viable EAT cells were processed for further experiments. The EAT cells (5 x 106) were treated with or without compounds of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole series 4(a-e) and incubated at 370 C for different time interval or for known period of time. After the incubation period the cells w ere used for the further analysis [258]. 2.4.4.2.2. Cell count by Trypan blue dye exclusion assay. EAT cells were treated with different concentrations of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole compounds 4(a-e) at various time periods (0–4 h). Cell viability was assessed by mixing aliquots of cell suspension with 0.4% trypan blue and counted using heamocytometer. Cells that picked up the dye were considered to be dead [259(a)]. 2.4.5. Result and Discussion 2.4.5.1. Chemistry Synthesis of the key intermediate (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) is outlined in Scheme 1. Briefly, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium carbonate was taken in water and stirred. 4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorobenzonitrile (1) was dissolved in ethanol and added to the reaction mixture. The presence of –NH2 and =N-OH proton peaks NMR spectra indicates the formation of (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2). The key intermediate compound (2) was taken in dry dichloromethane and cooled to 0-5 0C, and N,N-diisopropylethylamine was added. Stirred for 10 min, then different aromatic acid chlorides 3(a-e) was added drop by drop. The reaction mixture was allowed to room temperature under stirring for 5-6 h and after that the steps forward of the reaction fusion was examined by the thin layer chromatography (TLC). After reaction completion, the solvent and th e product was separated in vacuum pump under reduced pressure. Then the product was poured to water and extracted with ethyl ethanoate. The organic layer was washed 2-3 times with distilled water to get target 3-(4-(3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propyl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole 4(a-e). Upon completion crude products 4(a-e) were obtained with a good yield of 81–93% and which the product was purified with the help of column chromatography over silica gel (60-120 mesh) using hexane and ethyl acetate (1:1). The absence of –CO proton peak in synthesized derivatives in 1H spectra confirmed the identity of the products. The details of chemical structures, physical data and purity of compounds are given in Table 1. Compound R1 Yield MP (oC) Purity 4a 90 277 90 4b 85 100 93 4c 81 110 89 4d 82 142 92 4e 79 95 81 Table 1. Chemical structures, physical data and purity of compounds 4(a–e) 2.4.5.2. Biology 2.4.5.2.1. MTT assay: The MTT assay was performed according to the protocol previously reported [257]. MCF-7 cells were plated at a density of 1 X 105 cells in 96-well plates. (Subsequently, the 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole series 4(a-e) were assayed using concentrations from 0.05 to 0.5 mM). After 24 h of incubation, 10  µL of 5% 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (Sigma Aldrich) (0.05 mg/mL) were added to the culture medium. After 4 h at 370C the culture medium was removed and 200  µL of DMSO were added to dissolve the salts of formazan. The absorbance was measured with a 96-wells plate spectrophotometer at 570 nm. The experiments were independently performed three times and each experiment contained triple replicates. Control samples containing a complete culture medium devoid of cells or control cells with 0.1% DMSO were also included in each experiment. Figure 1. The MTT assay of compounds 4(a-e) in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Sl.No. Name of the compound IC50 Value 1 Cisplatin 10ÃŽ ¼g 2 4a 100ug 3 4b 200ug 4 4c 100ug 5 4d 800ug 6 4e 200ug Table 2. Compounds 4(a-e) and their IC50 value ( µg/ml) on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. 2.4.5.3. DNA fragmentation assay: EAT cells were collected from mice treated with or without 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole series 4(a-e). Thein vivo and DNA was isolated using the phenol–chloroform method. In brief, cells were lysed in a buffer containing 50mM Tris–HCl, pH 8.0, and 0.5% SDS, and incubated for 30min at 37 °C. The cell lysate was subjected to 8M potassium acetate precipitation and left for 1h at 4 °C. The supernatant was subjected to phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) extraction and once to chloroform extraction. DNA was precipitated by adding 1:2 volumes of ice-cold ethanol. The precipitated DNA was dissolved in 50ÃŽ ¼L TE buffer (pH 8.0). The DNA was digested with 20ÃŽ ¼g/mL RNase at 37 °C for 1h. The DNA was quantitated and equal concentration of DNA (25ÃŽ ¼g) was resolved on 1.5% agarose gel, viewed under UV light, and documented using BIORAD gel documentation system Figure 2 [259(b)]. Figure 2. The DNA degradation of compounds 4(a-e) in Ehrlich Ascites Tumor (EAT) cells. Conclusion: A series of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazoles 4(a-e) has been synthesized by using simple synthetic procedures and were screened for their MTT assay using MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and degradation of DNA in Ehrlich Ascites Tumor (EAT) cells activity. All the final compounds exhibited good in all the in-vitro activity.

DBQ on Jackson and the Indian Removal Essay -- essays research papers

Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The generalization that, â€Å"The decision of the Jackson administration to remove the Cherokee Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s was more a reformulation of the national policy that had been in effect since the 1790s than a change in that policy,† is valid. Ever since the American people arrived at the New World they have continually driven the Native Americans out of their native lands. Many people wanted to contribute to this removal of the Cherokees and their society. Knox proposed a â€Å"civilization† of the Indians. President Monroe continued Knox’s plan by developing ways to rid of the Indians, claiming it would be beneficial to all. Andrew Jackson ultimately fulfilled the plan.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, the map [Document A] indicates the relationship between time, land, and policies, which affected the Indians. The Indian Tribes have been forced to give up their land as early as the 1720s. Between the years of 1721 and 1785, the Colonial and Confederation treaties forced the Indians to give up huge portions of their land. During Washington's, Monroe's, and Jefferson's administration, more and more Indian land was being commandeered by the colonists. The Washington administration signed the Treaty of Holston and other supplements between the time periods of 1791 until 1798 that made the Native Americans give up more of their homeland land. The administrations during the 1790's to the 1830's had gradually acquired more and more land from the Cherokee Indians. Jackson followed that precedent by the acquisition of more Cherokee lands.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In later years, those speaking on behalf of the United States government believed that teaching the Indians how to live a more civilized life would only benefit them. Rather than only thinking of benefiting the Indians, we were also trying to benefit ourselves. We were looking to acquire the Indians’ l and. In a letter to George Washington, Knox says we should first is to destroy the Indians with an army, and the second is to make peace with them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act of 1793 began to put Knox’s plan into effect. The federal government’s promise of supplying the Indians with animals, agricultural tool... ... the unwilling tribes west of the Mississippi. In Jackson’s letter to General John Coffee on April 7, 1832, he explained that the Cherokees were still in Georgia, and that they ought to leave for their own benefit because destruction will come upon them if they stay. By 1835, most eastern tribes had unwillingly complied and moved west. The Bureau of Indian Affairs was created in 1836 to help out the resettled tribes. Most Cherokees rejected the settlement of 1835, which provided land in the Indian territory. It was not until 1838, after Jackson had left office, that the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia. The hardships on the â€Å"trail of tears† were so great that over 4,000 Cherokees died on their heartbreaking westward journey.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, the above statement is valid and true. The decision the Jackson administration made to remove the Cherokee Indians to lands west of the Mississippi River was a reformulation of the nationa l policy. Jackson, along with past Presidents George Washington, James Monroe, and Thomas Jefferson, tried to rid the south of Indians This process of removing the native people was continuous as the years went on.

Cases analysis

The company is known for producing high quality and prestigious cars. It holds patents on most of the safety features Weaknesses High costs are incurred in maintaining the company's cars Weak management because of its large organizational size It has a weak supply chain, which affects its product delivery Opportunities There an opportunity on production of hybrid cars and fuel that Is resourceful for the future.People are growing conscious of clean environment, which Is a good opportunity for the company to extend the market for its products on this line There is an opportunity of tapping emerging markets across India and the rest of the roll, contributing to creation off global brand The luxury automobile market is growing as a result of income increase.Threats The price of fuel keep on increasing, which limits the ability of potential customers to buy its products There is high competition from major companies such as Lexus, BMW, and Range Rover, as well as local companies such as DATA Strict government polices wealth the automobile segment not only In India, but also across the world Step 2. Problem Definition Following the relocation of the company's operation sites, it Is faced with the problem n the nature of information technology that could be implemented.Particularly, there is a challenge on implementing the technology that would cater for the current needs based on the existing market conditions, as well as that could lay essential grounds for the company's future growth needs. Besides, following the impact of the recent past global financial crisis which affected the company's market growth projections, It Is not clear whether the proposed relocation should go ahead as planned. Step 3. Identification of Alternatives . The company should implement new information technology in the new operational site, different from the one used in the old site 2.It should use the same old technology in the new operational site 3. It should put on hold the proposed r elocation until the market shows improvements after the financial crisis 4. It should go on with the relocation plans, even though the projected market growth rate has been affected by the financial crisis Step 4. Critical issues Growth rate of the company Managing operational costs The viability of the investments of the company Addressing the needs of the customers Location decisions Step 5.Analysis Option 1 Pros: (I) the operational costs will be reduced in the long-run (it) high production rate (iii) ability to meet the demands of the customers (v) high growth rate (v) better chances of going green Cons: (I) high investment cost Re-training employees on the new technology Option 2 Pros: (I) manageable investment costs Re-training employees is not required. Cons: (I) High operational costs inability to satisfy customer demands (iii) endurance on the company's growth rate.Option 3 Pros: (I) reduced chances of making potential losses (it) matching production with the current demand Cons: (I) inability to satisfy customer demand in the future (ii) delayed investment Option 4: Pros: (I) better chances of matching demand in the future (it) early investment preparation for the expected market growth Cons: (I) Incurring unnecessary investment costs, this could have been carried forward Step 6. Recommendation Based on the above analysis, the company should go on with the proposed relocation f operational site, and implementation of new technology.Despite the high investment costs associated with these options, it is a viable undertaking because it not only addresses the current needs of the company, but also its future needs. Besides, this option opens various opportunities that the company could pursue to differentiate itself from its competitors. For instance, with the proposed new technology, the company stands a better chance of producing green products to suit the changing tastes and preferences of the customers.

The Bounty Trilogy essays

The Bounty Trilogy essays In 1932, Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall became best-selling authors with the publication of Mutiny on the Bounty. This story and its sequels are based upon the true story of mutiny and subsequent happenings on board an English naval vessel in the late 1700's. All of the accounts in this book have a historical basis but are pure fiction. The authors followed their successful first novel with the sequels,Men Against the Sea (1934) and Pitcairn's Island (1934). Mutiny on the Bounty gives the unforgettable historic account of the voyage of His Majesty's Ship Bounty in 1788 1789, and Fletcher Christian's mutiny against the captain of the Bounty Captain Bligh. Before the Bounty disappears into the South Pacific those who choose not to sail with Christian and his crew are left on Tahiti, where they enjoy a brief stay before being captured and returned to England for court martial. Men Against the Sea is the epic story of the nineteen loyal men who, with Captain Bligh at the helm, are set adrift in the Bounty's twenty three foot whaling launch. (p.303-305) To this day their 3600-mile voyage remains one of the greatest feats of courage and adventure on the open ocean. The third and final sensational book in this trilogy is, Pitcarin's Island, records the brave journey and fate of Christian, the mutineers, and a few Tahitians who find on the loneliest island in the Pacific Ocean. There they live out a tragedy of murder, betrayal vengeance, and drunkenness, leaving only one Englishman alive, Alexander Smith, to restore the peace, which he does by using the principles taught in the Bounty's bible.(p.685) These classic stories tell of exciting sea adventures, the pleasant and simple life of the pacific islands, and of romantic love stories between sailors and Tahitian girls. Many moral lessons are also taught in this book. And finally of power struggles in which good ultimately triumphs o ...

How To Keep Your New Years Resolution

How To Keep Your New Years Resolution It’s been 11 months since you made that new year’s resolution and now it’s almost time again. Once we get past the holiday season of excess cookies and extra spending, it’ll be self-improvement time again. Turns out, we might all benefit from a little help- at least according to a recent analysis in Psychological Bulletin. Having back up- or an audience- might be more important than we thought. We’ve always known that keeping track of our progress is essential to making it. But overwhelming evidence now suggests that doing so in public is the most effective way to help us reach our goals.Dr. Benjamin Harkin analyzed 138 different studies and experiments about motivation and discovered that holding yourself publicly accountable and reaching out for the support of social media can make all the difference in whether you change your diet†¦ or change your diet and succeed at losing weight.Bottom line: it’s important to monitor your progress, but- as Dr. Harkin writes- â€Å" some methods of monitoring are better than others.† So go ahead and tell your friends. This year, try making your resolutions public. Be specific. Share your goals. Use social media to hold you accountable for keeping them. And make your progress public too.

ART History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ART History - Essay Example â€Å"The Dadaists’ pessimism and disgust surfaced in their disdain for convention and tradition. These artists made a concerted and sustained attempt to undermine cherished notions and assumptions about art† (Kleiner 928). Therefore, the movement came to question former artistic standards by denying any existing connection between reason and logic on one hand and artistic expression on the other hand. Marcel Duchamp was one of the most important representatives of the Dada movement and was also known as a hero of anti-art, because he challenged traditional artistic conventions. One of the facts that earned him this characteristic was his exhibit the ready-made sculptures in 1913. These were casual objects abandoned by their and stumbled upon by the artist on the streets or somewhere else; Duchamp altered or combined them with other objects in order to created the so called ready-mades. This way, the objects lose their utilitarian function and gain an artistic one. One of the most famous ready-mades, which triggered the public’s strong reactions of admiration or disagreement, was the Fountain, which is illustrated in the first image below. It is a porcelain urinal, which Marcel Duchamp altered by adding the signature (â€Å"R. Mutt†) and the year of 1917, carelessly written on the left side of the urinal. The signature has its roots in the mundane as well, since â€Å"R. Mutt† is not a famous, important name but rather pseudonym which derived from the name of a plumbing company, Mott. Perhaps the name of the readymade is the one that makes the piece so interesting; fountain suggests somewhat the idea of a beautiful architectural monument, while Marcel Duchamp’s fountain is a tribute derived from a simple object that serves basic human physiological needs. Nothing extraordinary, yet somewhat challenging for the human perception. However, I would like to emphasize the fact that Duchamp did not choose to exhibit the Founta in aesthetical purposes, since it would have been a contradiction to the Dada philosophy. Still, even if it does not have an aesthetical role, the Fountain has profound resonances as an important work of art; meaning of this artwork is that it he challenges the viewer to see a simple, ordinary object from a different angle and this way, to gain new a perspective and find a new use for it. Therefore, the Dada movement did not try to create the extraordinary, but merely to put the ordinary into a whole different light and it is hard to imagine a more aggressive avant-garde approach to art (Seigel). Another artist who has also created art that challenges the traditional standards and understandings of traditional artistic thought is Bruce Nauman, an American contemporary artist who is considered to be a performance and conceptual artist. In the mid 1960s he abandoned painting and decided to focus his creative activity towards object making or modern sculpture. This way, by experimentin g with different materials, that were not normally associated with an artistic function, such as latex, different kinds of wires, fiberglass, latex, concrete and even wax, he managed to make a very distinctive statement in the art world. At the same time, I believe that it is admirable that he tried to incorporate in his art modern visual aids such as neon lights, video and sounds, trying to create innovative and somewhat shocking, attention grabbing artworks, which would be able to

Financial theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial theories - Research Paper Example This theory applied to establish the expected rate of return on investments to pricing models of modern assets. Some of the attributes include the support of what information can be supportive for strategic investment (Shankman, 1999). Agency theory aimed at the ever-present relationship of agency, in which delegation of work takes place from one person to another, usually the principal and agent. The agency theory deals with the agency clashes, between principals and agents (Bamberg & Spremann, 1987). This theory has certain attributes which includes: (1) ambiguity in routine conclusions, (2) unfavorable choice, and (3) nature of work performed (Bamberg & Spremann, 1987). Agency Costs of free-cash-flow occur between stockholders and managers’ conflict. These conflict arises where a firms with large cash flows than positive investment forecast. The attributes are: (1) agency costs of free cash flow’s reduction benefit in debts and (2) substitution of debt against dividends (Bowie & Freeman, 1992). Theory of Capital Structure provides the companies to organize their financial sources from internal to equity financing. Capital raising sources includes equity or debt, to equity is treated as less preferred means of raising capital. Firms usually, large firms raise their debts to support the dividend’s payment while small firms cut their debts to disburse dividend (Myers & Nicholas, 1984). â€Å"Economic Value Added Theory† (EVA) is a technique of financial performance to compute the profit of a firm. Coca-Cola and General Motors are good examples of this theory. The attributes of this theory includes: (1) maximization of the wealth of shareholders, and (2) investors expectation of company’s growth in future profits against the cost of capital (Hayne, 1998). â€Å"Weighted average cost of Capital is the rate of return, sometimes called discount rate† (Shankman, 1999). This applied in assessing weather the project is viable or not in the

Company SWOT Analysis and IT solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Company SWOT Analysis and IT solution - Essay Example British Petroleum has been one of the frontline oil companies in the world with branches in some strategic countries, which include the United States, Nigeria, United Kingdom, and so on. Mostly, the products of BP include petrol, natural gas and other oil derivatives. Recently, the company is spearheading what is referred to as Energy Mix, which attempts to find out the possibility of generating electricity through wind, bio fuel and solar. Politically, BP cuts across many political terrains and the company is bent on capturing more oil market in this 21st century (British Petroleum, 2010). BP has some weaknesses, which would be analyzed using Porter’s 5 Forces Model and SWOT Analysis. Some solution would be suggested about how to address the weaknesses so that they would not continue to undermine the company’s success. Porter’s Five Forces Model analyzes a company based on the following criteria: (i) Bargaining power of customers; (ii) Threat of new entrants; (iii) Threat of substitute products; (iv) Bargaining power of suppliers; (v) Competitive rivalry within an industry (Porter, 1997). These 5 forces are analyzed below in the way that they affect the operations of BP as a giant oil company. (i) Bargaining power of customers: customers do not necessarily possess bargaining power as far as BP products are concerned. This gives the company the opportunity to fix the prices of its products (Bamberg, 2000). (ii) Threats of new entrants: Like every other company, BP has come under serious threats from big oil companies like Chevron, Exxon Mobil, Shell that compete with BP on all fronts. These threats have even become pronounced as new oil companies mount serious pressure on BP’s areas of operations (Bamberg, 2000). (iii) Threats of substitute products: The main business of BP is in the production of energy; however, the

Promote Professional Development Essay Example for Free

Promote Professional Development Essay The importance of continually providing knowledge and practice is to keep up with the constant changes that are happening all the time. Globalisation and technology have made changes in health and social care at a rapid rate. There has been a significant change in the way that care is being experienced and there are higher expectations in the quality of care. A more personal approach is required and accessibility to training resources ensures that we can all be the best in our job roles and in line with legal requirements. There are opportunities available now, thanks to technology advancements, to share responsibilities across the board, we have better access to other partnerships, training programs and can store more data than ever before and there are still developments every day. The importance of learning these developments is that we can change with the times and gain the new skills to improve the outcome for service users. The barriers to professional development require you to look in more depth at yourself. Everybody has a different way of learning, someone may learn a lot quicker than someone else, so it’s important to try to see what ways you retain information best. Some people may learn from reading something over and over until it either makes sense or sticks with them. Some people may write down what they want to learn because it ingrains in there memory and some people may just listen to something and retain the information. It’s important to remember that what someone else might learn from a sentence may be more educational to them than if someone else was to read that very same sentence. Motivation can be another barrier; external factors can drive motivation and change behaviour like incentives to learn but internal barriers such as self-esteem, drive and desire can have an effect on professional development. An individual’s personal values, beliefs, attitudes and life priorities can impact significantly on the way people develop. Not having enough time to develop your skills or financial problems can be a big barrier to development. To get through these barriers, Support from peers, advice and mentoring may be required to h elp with individual developments. There are many different sources and systems to support professional development. At my organisation we have internal support which involves monthly supervisions with an advocate. We go through training  requirements, any training refreshment that need to be done; we go over policies and procedures and discuss our progress for professional development. We have training courses that cover every area of the care we provide and e-learning that all employees complete every 6 months, they are designed to refresh our training and inform us of new policies and procedures. You can also learn by working with more experienced colleagues and you can self-teach by reading text books and articles. You can develop your knowledge by using facilities such as libraries and learning resource centres and there is also formal support, colleague and university courses, internet courses, apprenticeships and government incentives. You can also use the policies and procedures put in place by your company to learn what is required and how to do things appropriately. There are so many factors to consider when selecting opportunities and activities for keeping knowledge and practice up to date. There would be no point in starting a course in child care if your real desire was to become a hypnotherapist. Financial issues could be problem, your organisation may cover learning costs or you may need to look into whether you are entitled to government help or whether you will be self-funding. Time requirements could be a problem and your level of commitment; maybe you are a single mother, who cannot get child care to attend night school. Another factor could be, does the opportunity or activity fit with your learning style?, You may learn better from practical activities or learn better from reading and writing, finding the right form of professional development is key to being successful. Be able to prioritise goals and targets for your own professional development In order to prioritise goals and targets for my own professional development, I look at the influences that have helped me to develop my performance so far and look at what my training has taught me and how it’s reflected in my work. I examine my strengths and weaknesses honestly and try to think about the way I practice in a constructive way. I have to evaluate myself by asking; How did I approach my work? Was my approach positive? How did the way I work affect the people I support? Did I work to the best of my ability? Which was the best aspect of my work? Which was the worst aspect of my work? Is there area’s that I can improve? What are they and how will I tackle them? In health and social care there are benchmarks and standards that I can use to measure my own ability against, like the ‘care quality commission standards’ and ‘codes of practice’. By comparing my work against these standards I can improve on the areas that I am failing in, by setting goals of what I need to learn and targets to complete it by. To prioritise my own development goals and targets, I have to think realistically about what is necessary for my job role at that moment, for example; if you are developing your communication skills and working towards building relationships and trust, you cannot plan a set strategy to produce trust and this can take time. But if you were developing your skills for independent living, encouraging accessing the community and shopping, this is something that is currently in my job role and could be a skill I can develop straight away. Making a plan to monitor each stage of developing skills will help me to see at what point something has not worked, for example; I am to Supporting Bobby with his shopping, but due to his mental health problems, he doesn’t feel comfortable being in a busy supermarket around lots of people. Putting a plan together with goals and targets will help to monitor Bobby’s progress; I could put a target in place to build Bobby’s confidence up enough so he can be in a supermarket. By recording this process and evaluating each step that it took to get him there, I improve my own skills and gain knowledge for any similar situations that may arise in the future. Be able to prepare a professional development plan To plan my own professional development with sources of support available to me, I will first have to arrange a meeting with my trainer and supervisor to identify the learning outcomes and objectives that I wish to achieve. We can then put a strategy together to meet these objectives and a time frame in which to complete them by and with their help and resources. When documenting evidence I will specify the duty, a goal, tools needed for reaching my goal and a completion date. I will then undertake the necessary educational activities, training and shadowing and collect more evidence for  my portfolio. I will review my progress at regular intervals with my trainer and supervisor to discuss any updates and get feedback on my development. My portfolio will contain evidence of records of attendance and the support that was given, highlighted areas of what I would have done differently, highlighted areas of successful care and certificates of achievements. I can also show in my portfolio, evidence of what has benefited my colleagues, i.e. protocols or guidelines that have been introduced because of things that I have learnt and feedback from colleagues on a job well done. I will show evidence of evaluating work that wasn’t done to the best of my ability and show evidence of what I have learnt to correct my work. I will put in my development portfolio evidence of any positive feedback, descriptions of new care plans made because of my positive changes, cards, letters or individual comments and positive audit results. This is an example of a plan that I would use for my own professional development. A service user I attend with learning difficulties needs a new wheelchair; the carers are finding it increasingly hard to push the service user around in the wheelchair for social visits. A healthy diet plan was encouraged but is not working as the service user lives independently, a wheelchair with a motor is needed to help the carers avoid any further injury and carry on supporting the service user to access the community. I have been allocated the responsibility to assist the service user pick a new wheelchair with a motor, I can use this opportunity to develop new skills and document and evaluate my progress. There are a few barriers to overcome so monitoring the effectiveness of my support will help to evaluate my performance and relay any significant information to fellow colleagues and others crucial support in their care, ultimately helping the service user in the future. The main barrier is the lady doesn’t like change; it worries her and makes her very anxious, when she is anxious she gets the medical condition hives. Her confidence will need to be built up over time. The goal is to help the lady pick a new motorised wheelchair for accessing the community only, she can continue with the wheelchair she is familiar with, and likes at home, but the goal is to find one that the service user is 100% happy and secure in, to prevent any further injures to carers and to keep the lady involved in her daily routines. The tools needed for succeeding with this duty is to have the families support, a risk assessment, a shop with accessibility and  understanding with this sensitive issue and support from my managers and any other active partners that support with the service users care needs. For evidence I would put in my portfolio the emails from the partnerships, my advocate and myself that detail, the support that is needed, with the evidence that I have been allocated to support with this. The email will also show my reply, for the request of informing all other carers to reassure her when necessary for when she gets anxious and upset. I would put in place a communication diary especially to deal with this task, firstly to monitor any upset behaviour and how my colleagues and I resolved it and secondly I could use it as evidence. I would keep a written account of how many trips to the shops and what her behaviour was like on each visit, I would record what helped keep her calm and feeling secure and record anything that failed and how we made it better. I would keep a medical record of any outbreaks of hives and how it was treated. I would have regular meetings with my advocate to get feedback, discuss updates, ask for any advice or help that I need and review the completion date. I would discuss attending training courses that could help me with addressing this situation to the best of my ability, like manual handling, first aid, communication skills and keep evidence of my achievements. I would finally add to my portfolio evidence of the service user (in line with confidentiality requirements) accomplishing this task, I would get evidence of how long it took to achieve and what the final outcome was. Be able to improve performance through reflective practice Models of reflection encourage a structured process to guide the act of reflection, there is no right model of reflection, but it is important to choose the one that you feel comfortable using and best assists you to learn from your experience. Sometimes it is appropriate to use one model of refection as a basis, but use prompt questions from other models if they suit your particular situation. I found Bortons Model of reflection easy to remember; therefor making it is easy to apply to an experience as it happens. What, So What, Now What, the simplicity of the model helps evaluate quickly and simply an experience but does not allow for specific details as opposed to Gibbs Model. Johns Model of reflection is based more on self-awareness and self-improvement. It allows you to analyse influencing  factors on your thoughts and behaviour, what triggers the behaviour and you can delve far more intimately into your feelings, opinions and judgements and intern how this affected who you are working with. This level of learning allows you to evaluate very deeply on all levels, morals, background, knowledge, self-awareness, past experiences and future practice, making this model of reflection by far more personal and a more appropriate model for self-improvement and self-development. The Kolb model is made up of 4 steps and learning can start at any of the steps at any time, there is no process. When a person carries out an action they can both, observe and reflect upon its underlying process and possible consequences. The action becomes open for analysis, concepts can be tested at further through new experiences in order to both validate and develop them further. Gibbs Model of reflection is a more descriptive model of Kolb’s and it also has a process in which to follow allowing for deeper analysis. Gibbs model gives you more a detailed structure in which to evaluate your experience, which is why I found it to be more widely used in the healthcare industry. The theory follows 6 steps of the model, and each step informs the next. I found that using Gibbs model and examining an experience in greater detail was very beneficial but found the Evaluation, Analysis and conclusion asked very similar questions which seemed to be a little repetitive. But Gibbs model challenged my assumptions more and allowed me to explore more ideas to promote self-improvement more than the other models. Of all the models of refection I have researched I found these 4 more beneficial to my learning and self-improvement and they even challenged what I thought I already knew. By using Gibbs Cycle as a basis and applying the descriptive evaluations of all the other models to the specific levels, I can examine myself in far more depth and improve my quality of work consistently. Reflective practice is thinking or reflecting on what you do, it is learning from an experience and teaching you evaluation skills to examine your actions and reactions. Thinking about what h as happened is part of being human but reflective practice differentiates between casual thinking and reflective practice, it requires a conscious effort to think about events and develop insights into them. Once you get into the habit of using reflective practice, it becomes a skill and you can develop it every day, in every type of situation. Feedback from others is a very important part of reflective  practice, as you cannot always see what your own faults may be or you may not want to hear what faults you have. Considering feedback as another opportunity to learn will develop your self-awareness and can start a process of change that will benefit anyone that you work with. For example, very early on in my healthcare career, I supported an elderly lady with learning disabilities, since her husband past away; she would get very lonely and ask to move a lot. Her social worker and advocate had taken her to see a few warden controlled apartments in a more communal building, but the lady did not like them and it gave her a bad experience of what she thought was available to her. I work in a few homes for elderly service users with learning disabilities and I invited my service user round for tea, so she could see a different kind of living situation, a house share that could be available. Whilst the trip was successful in the way that the lady now knew of a different living arrangement, at a meeting shortly after, that involved other healthcare providers for the service user, I acquired feedback from the ladies advocate that showed my own faults and issues that wasn’t within my capability to see. My intention had been misunderstood and Unknown to me the service user had wanted and was adamant, that a housemate was to move into her own home as she had a spare room; this was not a suitable situation for another vulnerable adult to move into because of the service user’s regular change of behaviour, and the house shares have a carer on duty at all times. If I had informed and attained advice on this situation it could have been dealt with in a different way. My lack of knowledge and understanding of how my actions could been seen as something different for a service user made me evaluate at what level I went wrong and how to rectify this problem so it is not an issue in the future. The advocate commended me on my thoughtfulness but advised certain aspects need to be considered when working with this particular service user. Trial and Error is always going to be a big part of my learning development, working with others there is always going to be the potential for harm, both physically and emotionally. It is imperative that practice changes as a result of these mistakes.

How Global Warming Will Affect Human Health Essay -- Geology

How Will Global Warming Affect Human Health? Introduction: Certain threats to human health loom larger with rising temperatures. Extremely hot temperatures can cause heat illnesses and loss of life. Several vector borne diseases only occur in warm areas, and an increase in temperature could mean a spread of these diseases to larger areas. Also, warm temperatures can increase levels of air pollutants, including ozone, which can harm human health. Direct Effects: The most direct way that a rise in global mean temperature will affect human health is through a more frequent occurrence of heat waves. Heat can seriously harm or even kill during a heat wave. Extremely high temperatures push the human body beyond its capacity to cool itself through perspiration. Usually, the body perspires and is cooled through the evaporation of that perspiration. In conditions with extremely high temperatures and humidity levels, evaporation slows and the body has to work harder to cool itself. The elderly, the young, the overweight, and the infirm are vulnerable to heat stroke, as are people who have been overexposed to the heat, or have over-exercised for their age and physical condition. Men are more susceptible to heat illnesses than women, because they sweat more and dehydrate more quickly. The problem is exacerbated in urban areas because asphalt, concrete, and other manmade materials absorb a lot of light and reradiate it as infrared radiati on, which raises the temperature of the air. In a normal year, about 175 Americans die from extreme heat related illnesses, but that number could rise tremendously in response to global warming. Studies based on heat wave mortality statistics estimate that in Atlanta, even... ...w.epa.gov/airnow/health/ Fema. "Extreme Heat Backgrounder." http://www.fema.gov/library/heat.htm Greenpeace. "Global Warming May Spread Infectious Diseases." http://www.greenpeace.org/~climate/database/records/zgpz0707.html Hall, Mike. "Ground Level Ozone." http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~mjhall/glo/ Living Planet. "Emerging Infectious Diseases." http://livingplanet.org/climate/climate_docs/health_factsheet/emerging.htm Myers, David G. Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers, 1998. Nasa. "Islands in the (Air) Stream." http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/essd01may98_1.htm The University of Edinburgh. "What effects can the environment have on health?" http://www.med.ed.ac.uk/HEW/env/introeh.html Washington State Department of Health. "High Levels of Ozone Pose Health Risks." http://www.doh.wa.gov/Publicat/98_News/98-68.html